From Freedom to Bondage
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"Speaking broadly, every man works that he may avoid suffering. Here, remembrance of the pangs of hunger prompts him; and there, he is prompted by the sight of the slave-driver's lash. His immediate dread may be the punishment which physical circumstances will inflict, or may be punishment inflicted by human agency. He must have a master; but the master may be Nature or may be a fellow-man. When he is under the impersonal coercion of Nature, we say that he is free; and when he is under the personal coercion of someone above him, we call him, according to the degree of his dependence, a slave, a serf, or a vassal. Of course I omit the small minority who inherit means: an incidental, and not a necessary, social element. I speak only of the vast majority, both cultured and uncultured, who maintain themselves by labor, bodily or mental, and must either exert themselves of their own unconstrained wills, prompted only by thoughts of naturally-resulting evils or benefits, or must exert themselves with constrained wills, prompted by thoughts of evils and benefits artificially resulting.
Men may work together in a society under either of these two forms of control: forms which, though in many cases mingled, are essentially contrasted..."
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Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), philosophe, รฉconomiste et sociologue anglais fut lโun des premiers thรฉoriciens du libรฉralisme. Il est aujourdโhui presque oubliรฉ bien quโil connรปt de son vivant une renommรฉe internationale. Aprรจs la rรฉvolution russe et la Premiรจre Guerre mondiale, sa doctrine qualifiรฉe ร tort de ยซdarwinisme socialยป, trรจs critiquรฉe par les partisans de lโรฉtat-providence, tombe peu ร peu dans lโindiffรฉrence gรฉnรฉrale. ร la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ses thรฉories sont redรฉcouvertes par le prix Nobel dโรฉconomie, le nรฉolibรฉral Friedrich Hayek. Aujourdโhui Spencer est principalement connu pour ses essais politiques. Il est frรฉquemment citรฉ par les penseurs libรฉraux comme Robert Nozick ou Milton Friedmann, et beaucoup de dirigeants politiques et รฉconomiques font rรฉfรฉrence ร ses รฉcrits pour lรฉgitimer les politiques de dรฉrรฉglementation ou de ยซrรฉforme de lโรtatยป. Rรฉcupรฉrรฉe un peu rapidement par les tenants dโun libรฉralisme dรฉbridรฉ, la pensรฉe dโHerbert Spencer a รฉtรฉ souvent caricaturรฉe et mรฉrite une lecture plus attentive.
