The Way of All Flesh

"The Way of All Flesh" is a semi-autobiographical novel by Samuel Butler, published posthumously in 1903. The narrative critiques Victorian society, particularly its hypocrisy surrounding family, religion, and education, through the lens of the Pontifex family across four generations

The story begins with John Pontifex, a carpenter whose ambitions lead him to become a wealthy but morally questionable businessman. His obsession with social status sets the stage for the struggles faced by his descendants, particularly his son George and grandson Theobald.

The central character, Ernest Pontifex, emerges as the great-grandson of John. Raised in a repressive environment by his domineering parents, Theobald and Christina, Ernest grapples with the expectations placed upon him to follow a path in the clergy. Despite initial enthusiasm for religious life, he becomes disillusioned during his time at Cambridge and later as a curate. His attempts to reform the Church lead to personal crises, including a misguided sexual advance that results in imprisonment.